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  • 专利说明
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    • 专利摘要:
    subsurface control valve and method for controlling a subsurface control valve. subsurface control valve controlled from the surface for use in wells and methods of controlling them. in one embodiment, a valve includes a valve body, a bore closure assembly, a mechanical linkage, a drive assembly and a control assembly. the valve body defines a hole for fluid to flow through it when the hole closure assembly is in an open position. when the hole closure assembly is in its closed position, the hole closure assembly prevents fluid from flowing through the hole. the mechanical articulation is operatively connected to the bore closure assembly and the drive sealing assembly. the main control assembly determines a force to be applied to the mechanical joint based on a present operating condition of the valve and causes the drive assembly to apply the determined force to the mechanical joint. as a result, the mechanical linkage drives the hole closure assembly.
    公开号:BR112012018821B1
    申请号:R112012018821
    申请日:2011-01-17
    公开日:2020-01-21
    发明作者:Edward Scott Bruce；Robert Williamson Jimmie；Goiffon John
    申请人:Halliburton Energy Services Inc；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    “SUB-SURFACE CONTROL VALVE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A SUB-SURFACE CONTROL VALVE
    Field of the invention [0001] The invention relates to subsurface safety valves controlled from the surface, electrically operated (SCSSV) for use in underground wells and, more specifically, a control and sensor system
    rock bottom for use with a valve in control in subsurface controlled from the surface and. Background[0002] This invention if refers usually at operations carried out and equipment using in set with an underground well and, in a modali here described, more
    specifically, it provides a deeply electrically operated safety valve.
    [0003] Sometimes it is desirable to mount a relatively deep safety valve in a well. For example, a safety valve can be mounted at a depth of 10,000 feet or more. However, operating a safety valve at such depths presents a variety of problems that tend to be costly to overcome. Most offshore oil production wells, by law, include a surface controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV) located at the bottom of the well in the production column to close the flow of hydrocarbons in an emergency. These SCSSVs are usually mounted below the mud line in offshore wells. As offshore wells are being drilled at increasing depths of water and in environmentally sensitive waters, it has become very desirable to control
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    2/35 electrically these safety valves to eliminate the use of hydraulic fluids and to be able to mount the valves and safety in virtually unlimited water depths. However, due to the depth, it is difficult to supply electrical energy to operate these valves. One or more cables can be descended from the well to the valves, although the number is limited by space and design considerations. In addition, some downhole tools, instruments, etc., compete for a limited amount of energy available through the cables.
    [0004] In addition, when a valve or other device is installed in the pit, it is difficult to remove and replace. If it is desired to add or modify the functionality of the downhole components, it is difficult and expensive to effect the desired change.
    [0005] In addition, in a well environment, temperatures, pressures, salinities, pH levels, vibration levels, typical, etc. at the bottom they vary and are demanding. In addition, the environment is usually corrosive, including chemicals dissolved in hydrocarbons or otherwise charged by hydrocarbons or injected chemicals, such as hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, etc. Thus, downhole components must be designed to withstand these conditions or isolated from the environment, such as through a sealed chamber. Summary [0006] The following provides a simplified summary to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the disclosed study material and does not limit the claimed invention. One modality provides a control valve for
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    3/35 subsurface controlled from the surface for use in a well. The valve includes a valve body, a bore closure assembly, a mechanical linkage, a drive assembly, and a local, downhole control assembly. The valve body defines a hole for the flow of fluid through it when the hole closure assembly is in an open position. When the hole closure assembly is, however, in its closed position, the hole closure assembly prevents fluid from flowing through the hole. The mechanical link is operatively connected to the bore closure assembly and the drive assembly. The control assembly determines a force to be applied to the mechanical joint based on a present operating condition of the valve and causes the drive assembly to apply the determined force to the mechanical joint. As a result, the mechanical linkage drives the hole closure assembly.
    Brief description of the drawings [0007] The detailed description is described with reference to the attached figures. In the figures, the leftmost digit (s) of a reference number usually identifies the figure in which the reference number first appears. The use of the same reference numbers in different figures typically indicates similar or identical items. The use of terms such as above and below are intended for reference and are not intended to limit the invention. The invention can be used in vertical, offset and horizontal well holes.
    [0008] Figure 1 shows a valve installed in a hydrocarbon production well offshore;
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    4/35 [0009] Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view showing components of a valve installed in a well;
    [0010] Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of an electro-mechanically driven valve installed in a well;
    [0011] Figure 4 is a close view of a set of ball screw and bellows arrangement of a valve for use in a well;
    [0012] Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of an electric valve driver for use in a well;
    [0013] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a control system for a valve for use in a well; and [0014] Figure 7 is a flow chart of a method of controlling a valve in a well.
    Detailed Description [0015] Systems and methods for controlling surface-controlled subsurface safety valves (SCSSV) are described here. It must be understood that the systems and methods can also be used to control other subsurface tools controlled from the surface.
    [0016] Figure 1 shows a valve of the present invention installed in a hydrocarbon production well offshore. In the embodiment of Figure 1, a wellhead 12 rests on the ocean bed 14 and is connected by a flexible riser tube 16 to a production facility 18 floating on the ocean surface 20 and anchored to the ocean bed by means of moorings 22. A column well production line 24 includes a flexible riser tube 16 and a well bottom production column 26 positioned in the well hole below the wellhead 12. Valve 10 is mounted on the bottom production column of
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    5/35 well 26 below the wellhead. As shown in Figure 2, valve 10 is preferably mounted between an upper section 28 and a lower section 30 of the downhole production column 26 by means of screw connections 32. The location where valve 10 is mounted on the production column downhole 26 normally depends on the details of a particular well, but in general the valve 10 is mounted upstream of a hydrocarbon gathering zone 34 of the downhole production column 26, as shown in Figure 1.
    [0017] With reference now to Figures 2 and 3, valve 10 comprises a valve body 36 having an upper assembly 38, a lower assembly 40, and a longitudinal bore 42 that extends through the extension of the valve body 36. The longitudinal bore 42 forms a passage for the fluid to flow between the lower section 30 and the upper section 28 of the downhole production column 26. The valve 10 can further comprise a balanced pressure drive assembly 44 coupled to a set of hole closure 46. As used herein, a balanced pressure drive assembly 44 means a drive configuration in which the drive force only needs to overcome the resistive force that normally induces hole closure assembly 46 to a closed position or another position (for example, the spring force 48, as shown in Figure 3). The pressure balanced drive assembly 44 uses a mechanical link 50 to drive the hole closure assembly 46 to an open position in response to a control signal. A fail-safe safety assembly 52 is positioned and configured to hold hole closure assembly 46 to
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    6/35 open position while the control signal is being received and to release the hole closure assembly 46 to return to a closed position from the interruption of the control signal. A unique feature of the balanced pressure drive assembly 44 is that it does not need to overcome any additional forces created by the pressure differential or hydrostatic pressure of the control fluid supplied from the surface. However, the drive assembly does not have to be a pressure balanced drive assembly 44.
    [0018] Although the balanced pressure drive assembly 44, the fail-safe assembly 52, and the mechanical joint 50 are shown as separate components in Figure 2, it should be understood that these three assemblies can be integrated into a smaller number than three components. For example, a single drive / fail-safe / linkage component or two components; such as a drive / failure-proof component coupled to a hinge component or a drive-component coupled to a fail-proof / hinge component could be included in these valves 10. In some embodiments, the balanced pressure 44; fail-safe assembly 52; and mechanical articulation 50; they are housed in the upper assembly 38 of the valve 10 and the bore closure assembly 46 is housed in the lower assembly 40 of the valve 10.
    [0019] In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the hole closing assembly 46 is a flap valve arranged inside the longitudinal hole 42, near the lower end of the valve 10. However, other types of valve such
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    7/35 such as ball valves, gate valves, butterfly valve, etc., are within the scope of the disclosure. As its name implies, a flap valve opens and closes the valve for fluid flow by rotating a hinge 54 (Figure 3) around a joint 56 on an axis 58 transverse to an axis 60 of the longitudinal hole 42. A hinge 54 can be driven by an axially movable flow tube 62 that moves longitudinally into longitudinal bore 42. The bottom end 64 of the flow tube abuts against hinge 54 and causes the hinge to rotate around its hinge 56 and open valve 10 for fluid flow from a downward motion through flow tube 62. Compression spring 48, positioned between a flow tube ring 66 and a hinge seat 68, normally pushes flow tube 62 in the upward direction such that the lower end 64 of the flow tube in the closed position does not press downwardly on the hinge 54. With the flow tube in a stowed position, the hinge 54 is free for to rotate about axis 58 in response to a biasing force exerted, for example, by a torsion spring (not shown) positioned along axis 58 and applying a force to joint 56. Hinge 54 can rotate about an axis 58 such that the sealing surface 70 contacts the hinge seat 68, thereby sealing the longitudinal bore 42 to the fluid flow.
    [0020] In another embodiment (not shown), the hole closing assembly 46 is a ball valve arranged inside the longitudinal hole 42, near the lower end of the valve 10. Ball valves employ a ball head
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    8/35 pivot or sphere that has a central flow passage that can be aligned with respect to the longitudinal bore 42 to open valve 10 to the fluid flow. Rotating the ball valve through an angle of approximately 52 degrees or more will prevent flow through the longitudinal hole 42 of the ball valve, thereby closing the SCSSV to the fluid flow. The ball valve can be arranged to close the longitudinal hole 42 to the fluid flow.
    [0021] Conventionally, flap or ball valves are driven by an increase or decrease in the control fluid pressure in a separate control line that extends from the valve to the ocean surface 20. When these valves are installed at depths each Increasingly, the length of the control line increases, resulting in an increase in the control fluid pressure in the valve due to the hydrostatic pressure of the control fluid column in the control line.
    [0022] As a result of the higher pressure, problems can arise with the hydraulic control signals from the surface. For example, the long control line can cause a delay in the closing time of the valve and imposes extreme criteria and design for these valves and associated equipment, not only at the bottom of the pit but also on the surface. Thus, in the embodiment illustrated by Figure 2, a balanced pressure drive assembly 44 (also referred to as a compensated pressure) is used to drive the hole closure assembly 46 instead of a hydraulic control signal from the surface.
    [0023] With reference now to Figures 2-4, the balanced pressure drive assembly 44 comprises an actuator
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    9/35 coupled by a mechanical hinge 50 to the hole closure assembly 46 to drive the hole closure assembly 46 to open valve 10 (in response to an electronic control signal from the surface). The driver can be an electric drive such as a motor (AC or DC) or, more specifically, a stepper motor 72 (as illustrated by Figure 3). In the embodiment shown in Figure 3, the balanced pressure drive assembly 44 comprises the stepper motor 72 housed in a sealed chamber 74 filled with a non-compressible fluid, for example, dielectric liquids; such as a perfluorinated liquid. The stepper motor 72 can be surrounded by a clean operating fluid and is separated from direct contact with the well bore fluid. Other types of drive motor can be used, including, but not limited to, AC, DC, brushless, brushed, servo, stepper, coreless, linear, etc., as are known in the art.
    [0024] In some embodiments, the stepper motor 72 is connected by a connector 76 to a local controller 78; such as a circuit board that has a microcontroller and / or driver control circuit. The local controller 78 can be housed in a separate control chamber that is not filled with fluid and that is separated from the sealed chamber 74 by the high pressure seal 80. However, the local controller 78 could be housed in the same fluid-filled chamber that the stepper motor 72 provided that the local controller 78 is designed to withstand operating conditions in that location. The local controller 78 is capable of receiving control signals from the surface and sending data signals back to the surface, for example, via an electrical wire 82 or
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    10/35 via a wireless communicator (not shown). Where an electrical wire is used, the control signal is preferably a low power control signal that consumes less than approximately 12 Watts to reduce the size of the wire used to transmit the signal over potentially long distances associated with deep-mount SCSSVs . The power for the stepper motor 72 can be supplied through direct electrical connection to the electrical wire 82 or through the wall of the sealed chamber 74 through an inductive source located outside the sealed chamber 74 through the use of inductive coupling.
    [0025] The sealed chamber 74 further comprises a means for balancing the pressure of the non-compressible fluid with the pressure of the well-bore fluid or annular well-bore space contained within the longitudinal bore 42. In a preferred embodiment, bellows 84 and 86 are used to balance the pressure of the non-compressible fluid in the sealed chamber 74 with the pressure of the well-bore fluid. One of the bellows 84 is in fluid communication with the chamber fluid and the well-hole fluid 88. The bellows 86 is in fluid communication with the chamber fluid and the well-hole fluid 82 as shown by passage 90. Some modalities in which bellows 84 is a seal bellows and bellows 86 is a compensating bellows are disclosed in International Application PCT / EP00 / 01552 with the international filing date of 16 February 2000 and international publication WO 00/53890 with an international publication date of 14 September 2000 (which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes). Although this description focuses on a bellows, it should be understood by those versed in the technique that other modalities are
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    11/35 available for use including, as an example and not limitation, one or more balance pistons or fluid reservoirs. Fluid reservoirs can take any known shape, such as tanks, a pipe extension, an annular cavity, etc.
    [0026] In the present embodiment, a mechanical joint 50 is used by the balanced pressure drive assembly 44 to exert a driving force on the bore closure assembly 46 to open the valve 10 for the fluid flow. The mechanical joint 50 can be any combination or configuration of suitable components to obtain the desired drive of the hole closing assembly 46. In the embodiment illustrated in Figure 3, the joint
    mechanics 50 comprises a reducer in gear 92 and one set in screw spherical 94, or alternatively one set in screw roller instead of set of screw
    spherical.
    [0027] Figure 4 shows a mechanical link 50 that includes a ball screw assembly 94 and a bellows arrangement for a valve 10. The ball screw assembly 94 further comprises a ball screw 96, the upper end of which is connected to the gear reducer. gear 92 and the lower end of which is screwed into a drive nut 98. Gear reducer 92 serves to multiply the torque of stepper motor 72 supplied to ball screw assembly 94. More than one gear reducer 92 can be used along the drive line between the motor 72 and the ball screw assembly 94. The lower end 100 of the drive nut 98 contacts the end face 102 of the bellows 84.
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    12/35
    The bellows 84 is fixedly connected to the edge 104 of the sealed chamber 74 and arranged to expand or contract upwards from the edge 104 and into the sealed chamber 74. The underside of the end face 102 of the bellows 84 is in contact with the upper end 106 of the mechanical rod 108 which is exposed to the well bore fluid 88. The lower end 110 of the mechanical rod 108 is in contact with, and is fixedly attached to the flow tube ring 66. The nut drive 98 is prevented from turning, and in response to rotation of the ball screw 96 by the gear reducer 92, it moves axially in this way by moving the mechanical stem 108 and the flow tube ring 66 down to open the valve 10 to the fluid flow. Alternatively, the drive nut 98 can be rotated while the ball screw 96 is prevented from rotating in this way causing relative movement between these components to drive the flow tube 62.
    [0028] Alternatively, as shown in Figure 3, the bellows 84 can be arranged to expand or contract downwards from the sealed chamber 74 rather than upwards into the sealed chamber 74. In the embodiment of Figure 3, the upper end of the mechanical rod 108 is in contact with, and is fixedly connected to the lower end of the drive nut 98. In addition, in the present embodiment, the lower end of the mechanical rod 108 is in contact with the upper side of the face of the bellows end 84 (which is in contact with the flow tube ring 66).
    [0029] With reference again to Figure 2, the fail-safe assembly 52 is positioned and configured to retain the
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    13/35 hole closure assembly 46 in the open position (commonly referred to as the fully open position) while the control signal is being received. In addition, the fail-safe assembly 52 is configured to release the hole-closing assembly 46 to maintain the closed position from the interruption of the control signal, which is also referred to as a hold signal. The hold signal is communicated over a wire or wirelessly from a control center located on the surface. In the event that the hold signal is interrupted (resulting in the fail-safe assembly 52 no longer receiving the hold signal), the fail-safe assembly 52 releases hole closure assembly 46 to return to the closed position. In other words, the valve 10 of the present embodiment is a fail-safe valve.
    [0030] The holding signal could be interrupted, for example, unintentionally by an event along the riser pipe, wellhead, or production facility, or intentionally through a production operator seeking to close the well in response specific operating conditions or intentions (such as maintenance, testing, production scheduling, etc.). In reality, the balanced pressure drive assembly 44 is that it arms or triggers the valve 10 by driving the valve 10 from its closed position normally intended for the open position. The fail-safe assembly 52 therefore serves as a trigger upon retaining the valve 10 in the open position during normal operating conditions in response to a hold signal. Interruption or failure of the holding signal causes valve 10 to be
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    14/35 closed automatically upon firing.
    [0031] In the embodiment illustrated by Figure 3, the fail-safe assembly 52 comprises a reverse anti-drive device 112 and an electromagnetic clutch 114. The fail-safe assembly 52 can be configured in such a way that the electromagnetic clutch 114 is positioned between the reverse anti-drive device 112 (which is connected to the stepper motor 72) and the gear reducer 92 (which is connected to the ball screw assembly 94) provided, however, that the individual components of the fail-safe assembly 52 can be placed in an operable arrangement. For example, electromagnetic clutch 114 can be positioned between gear reducer 92 and ball screw set 94. Alternatively, electromagnetic clutch 114 can be interposed between gear reducer sets. When engaged, the electromagnetic clutch 114 serves as part of a coupling for the stepper motor 72 to drive the ball screw assembly 94. Conversely, when the electromagnetic clutch 114 is disengaged, the stepper motor 72 is mechanically isolated from the screw set spherical 94. The local controller 78 engages the electromagnetic clutch 114 by applying an electric current to the electromagnetic clutch 114 and disengages the electromagnetic clutch by removing the
    chain electrical for The same. [0032] In answer The a signal in control to open the valve 10, the engine in step 72 is triggered and the clutch
    electromagnet 114 is engaged to drive the ball screw assembly 94, thereby forcing the flow tube 62 downwards against the hinge 54 and opening the
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    15/35 valve 10 for fluid flow. Stepper motor 72 drives bore closure assembly 46 to the open position as detected and communicated to the drive assembly (i.e., stepper motor 72) by means of detecting and communicating the position of the closing assembly hole 46. An example of a suitable means for detecting and communicating the position of the hole closure assembly 46 is a feedback loop detecting the position of the hole closure assembly 46 (or the location of the flow pipe 62, hinge 54, or ball nut of the ball screw assembly 94) and communicate this position to the local controller 78.
    [0033] As shown in Figure 3, the reverse anti-actuation device 112 prevents the ball screw assembly 94 from reversing. A reverse anti-drive device 112 transmits a rotational force in only one direction. Thus, in some embodiments, the reverse anti-actuation device 112 includes a clutch. In response to rotation by the stepper motor 72, the paddle clutch releases the wheels and remains disengaged. Conversely, in response to a reverse or reverse actuation force transmitted by the spring 48 through the ball screw assembly 94, it engages the clutch clutch, thereby preventing rotation in the opposite direction and locking the hole closing assembly 46 in the open position. In an alternative, or in addition, reverse anti-drive devices 112 may include a gear reducer that cannot be reversed, an electromagnetic brake, a spring-set brake, a permanent magnet brake on stepper motor 72, a means to maintain energy in the stepper motor 72 (that is,
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    16/35 locking the electric motor rotor), a locking member, a piezoelectric device, a magneto-rheological device (MR), etc. Commonly owned US Patent 6,619,388 entitled Fail Safe Surface Cotrolled Subsurface Safety Valve For Use in a Well, by Dietz et al., And issued on September 16, 2003 (which is incorporated herein by reference for all purposes) illustrates modalities 112 anti-drive devices.
    [0034] Regardless of its shape, the reverse anti-actuation device 112 keeps the hole closure assembly 46 in the open position as long as an electromagnetic clutch 114 remains engaged. In the present mode, the retention signal is the electric current energizing the electromagnetic clutch 114 to engage. As previously described, the hold signal can be interrupted either intentionally (for example, by a person signaling the local controller to close the valve) or unintentionally (for example, due to a power or communication interruption). Upon interruption of the holding signal, the electromagnetic clutch 114 of the current mode disengages, allowing the ball screw assembly 94 to reverse flow tube 62 for upward displacement in response to the spring bias force 48, and the hinge 54 turns closed about axis 58. Thus, the electromagnetic clutch 114 isolates the stepper motor 72 from the reversing or reverse actuation forces, transmitted through the mechanical joint 50, thus preventing damage to the stepper motor 72, and others components, and quick closing of valve 10 is facilitated
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    17/35 (in some modalities, closing occurs in less than approximately 5 seconds).
    [0035] Referring now to Figure 5, the drawing is a cross-sectional view of an electric valve drive for use in a well. The driver 200 includes a mechanical rod 210, an electromagnetic clutch 214, a drive assembly 244, a mechanical link 250, a stepper motor 272, a sealed chamber 274, a connector 276, a local controller 278, an electrical wire 282, a bellows 284, gear reducers 292, a ball screw set 294, and a drive nut 298. Actuator 200 also includes a detection set 206 that includes various sensors such as a pressure sensor 208, flow rate sensor 212, a load sensing assembly 216, and a position sensor 218. Other sensors are known in the art and can be employed. The driver 200 can receive electrical power and control signals via connector 276 and wire 282. In addition, driver 200 drives the flow ring tube 66 through mechanical rod 210 to open, close, or otherwise position the hole closure assembly 46 (see Figures 2 and 3).
    [0036] Alternatively, or in addition, trigger 200 may derive energy locally as disclosed in US Patent 6,717,283, issued jointly to Skinner et al on April 6, 2004, and entitled Annulus Pressure Operated Electric Power Generator ; US patent 6,848,503, issued to Schultz and others on February 1, 2005, and entitled Wellbore Power Generating System For Downhole Operation; US patent 6,672,382, issued to Schultz and others on January 6, 2004, and entitled
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    Downhole Electrical Power System; US patent 7,165,608, issued to Schultz and others on January 23, 2007, and entitled Wellbore Power Generating System For Downhole Operation; or US Patent Publication 20060191681, filed by Storm and others on August 31, 2006, and entitled Rechargeable Energy Storage Device In A Downhole Operation all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.
    [0037] Generally, the various components of the driver 200 are housed in the sealed chamber 274 and / or in the bellows 284 to isolate them from the downhole environment and to make the driver 200 balanced under pressure. However, connector 276, pressure sensor 208 and flow rate sensor 212 can penetrate sealed chamber 275 to communicate electrical signals, detect pressure in the environment, respectively
    rock bottom, and detect the rate in flow From hydrocarbons, fluid drilling, etc. at the environment in rock bottom. [0038] Mechanically, components of trigger 200
    they can be operatively connected as shown in Figure 5 to position the hole closure assembly 46. More particularly, the drive assembly 244 can be operatively connected to the mechanical hinge 250 and can drive it in a bidirectional manner. In addition, the mechanical hinge 250 can be operatively connected to the flow tube ring 66 so that it can: open, close, and position the assembly and hole closure 46 in increments (see Figures 2 and 3).
    [0039] The drive set 244 can include the brake 208 and the stepper motor 272 while the articulation
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    Mechanical 19/35 250 may include gear reducers 292, electromagnetic clutch 214, shock absorber 204, ball screw 294, ball nut 298, and mechanical stem 210. Depending on the operating conditions of the valve (in which the actuator 200 is installed) it could happen that the hole closing assembly 46 drives in reverse, or tries to drive in reverse, the mechanical joint 250 and thus the driving assembly 244. Since stepper motors 272 typically resist the forces that try to drive in reverse the same, the actuator 200 is not at risk of being damaged by being activated in reverse. However, 292 gear reducers provide resistance to reverse drive forces depending on their gear ratios. In addition, the electromagnetic clutch 214 (when disengaged) provides another level of protection against reversing the stepper motor 272.
    [0040] Continuing with reference to Figure 5, brake 202 and stepper motor 272 can be positioned at one end of driver 200 and operatively connected so that when a signal is applied to (or removed from) brake 202, it decreases the speed and / or for the electric motor 272. The stepper motor 272 can be operatively connected to one of the gear reducers 292A, which in turn is operatively connected to the driven side of the electromagnetic clutch 214. Another gear reducer 292B can be operatively connected to the drive side of the electromagnetic clutch 214. Thus, when the electromagnetic clutch 214 is engaged and the stepper motor 272 spins, the gear reducer 292B also spins though at a rate determined by the gear ratios of the gear units.
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    20/35 gear 292. However, when the electromagnetic clutch 214 is disengaged, stepper motor 272 and gear reducer 292B are mechanically isolated from each other.
    [0041] Furthermore, damper 204 can be operatively connected to the output side of gear reducer 292B and ball screw 294. Thus, damper 204 can isolate stepper motor 272, gear reducers 292, and electromagnetic clutch 214 from vibrations, shocks and excessive rotational speeds originating elsewhere in the mechanical joint 250 and hole closing assembly 46, and vice versa.
    [0042] Still with reference to Figure 5, the ball screw 294 and ball nut 298 can slide together with each other in such a way that, if one or the other is fixed against rotation, they translate in relation to each other when the stepper motor 272 drives the ball screw 298 via the components mentioned above. In addition, the ball nut 298 and the mechanical rod 210 can abut against the bellows 284 on opposite sides thereof. More particularly, in the modalities in which it is desired to allow the stepper motor 272 to drive the bore closure assembly 246 bidirectionally, the ball nut 298 and the mechanical rod 210 can mechanically connect to a portion of the shaped and dimensioned bellows 284 to transmit the charges between these two components. As a result, when the stepper motor 272 rotates, the ball nut 298 drives the mechanical rod 210, which pushes or pulls the flow tube ring 66. Alternatively or additionally, if the hole closure assembly 46 is provided for a or other position, closing the hole can trigger in
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    21/35 reverse (in either direction) the mechanical articulation 250 and / or the drive assembly 244 as determined by the configuration of the gear reducers 292, the electromagnetic clutch 214, the brake 202, etc.
    [0043] As shown in Figure 5, a load sensing set 216 can also be included either in drive set 244 and / or in mechanical hinge 250. For example, load sensing set 216 can be positioned between the nut ball 298 and bellows 284 and inside sealed chamber 274. In current mode, load sensing set 216 includes a load cell that detects the force developed between ball nut 298 and bellows 284 when stepper motor 272 operates , or even during moments of inactivity. Alternatively, or in addition, the load sensing assembly 216 could be located and configured to detect the torque developed between the various rotating components of the drive assembly 244 and / or the mechanical joint 250. Regardless of the location of the load sensing assembly 216, it can (by detecting the loads between the various components) detect the resistance to operation of the stepper motor 272 that could develop in the drive assembly 244, in the mechanical joint 250, and in other components of the valve 10 (for example, flow tube ring 66 and bore closure assembly 46).
    [0044] Additionally, the load sensing set can be an electric load sensor set to detect the electric load, impedance, or energy consumed by a circuit. Such a load sensor can be used to detect the electrical charge, its variance over time.
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    22/35 time, and its response as power is supplied to the stepper motor, or other parts of the valve.
    [0045] In some embodiments, the position sensor 218 can be positioned to detect the position of the hole closure assembly 46 either directly or indirectly (that is, through a position associated with the mechanical joint 250). For example, the position sensor 218 can extend over a portion of the sealed chamber 274,
    defined fur nut travel drive 298. . The sensor in position 218 could be a sens or inductive (Hall effect) or a pot, or some other type in sensor. At alternative, or additionally, the sensor in position 218 could to be an encoder embedded or operatively connected to stepper motor 272 or some other component rotary of drive set 244 or articulation mechanics 250.[0046] Figure 5 shows that the set in detection 206 can include a number of sensors such as the sensor in pressure 208, the rate sensor flow 212, a sensor in chain an electrical sensor, voltage, etc., together
    with signal conditioners, amplifiers, and other components. Although Figure 5 illustrates the load sensing set 216, and the position sensor 218, being physically separated from the sensing set 206; detection set 206 may include load detection set 216 and position sensor 218. Alternatively, the various sensors 208, 212, 216 and 218 (as well as others) can be physically separated from, but in electrical communication with, signal conditioners, amplifiers, and other components of detection set 206. Depending on the
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    23/35 user requirements, local controller 278 can be configured to detect one or more of the signals from the previous sensors and operate valve 10 in a closed loop mode with respect to the detected signal (s) ). Thus, valves of various modalities operate as pressure control valves, flow control valves and the like.
    [0047] Figure 6 is a block diagram of a control system for a valve 10 for use in a well. In addition to the various components previously mentioned (brake 202, detection set 206, pressure sensor 210, flow rate sensor 212, electromagnetic clutch 214, load detection set 216, position sensor 218, stepper motor 272, and local controller 278), Figure 6 illustrates that control system 220 includes a surface controller 222, a software program or an application 224, a control circuit 226, a signal conditioner 228, a current / power amplifier 230 , a clutch driver 232, a brake driver 234, a local generator 236, a surface power source 238, and communication paths for holding signal 240, one or more control signals 242, one or more control signals telemetry 244. In addition, control system 220 may include several current sensors 246, and several voltage sensors 248.
    [0048] Continuing with reference to Figure 6, the detection set 206 is located inside the valve 10 or on the valve 10. The detection set 206 either includes or is operatively connected to the various sensors including the pressure sensor 210, the sensor flow rate 212, load sensing assembly 216, and position sensor 218.
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    24/35
    In addition, detection set 206 includes signal conditioner 228 (which may include amplifiers and other components). In addition, signal conditioner 228 receives signals from sensors, conditions signals and communicates them to local controller 278.
    [0049] Still with reference to Figure 6, the local controller 278 performs a number of functions. For example, the control circuit 226 in that place receives the conditioned signals from the signal conditioner 228 that transmits the pressure, the flow rate, in the position of the borehole assembly, the load or the resistance for the operation of the motor step 272 (as detected by load sensing set 216) and other operating conditions present from valve 10. In addition, control circuit 226 receives hold signal 240 and other control signals 242 from the surface controller 222. It also emits telemetry signals 244 to the surface controller 222. Although Figure 6 illustrates separate signals for surface energy 238, hold signal 240, control signals 242, and telemetry signals 244, understand it is noted that these signals can be conducted along a single wire (see wire 282 in Figure 3), communication bus, or through a wireless link or other communication link without departing from the scope of the revelation.
    [0050] In addition, in response to the current operating conditions associated with valve 10, control circuit 226 generates control signals, which it transmits to the current / energy amplifier 230, clutch actuator 232, and the brake driver 234. For example, in some situations, control circuit 226 could
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 38/62
    25/35 position the hole closing assembly 46 via the current / energy amplifier 230, engage or disengage clutch 214 via clutch actuator 232, and / or apply or release brake 202 via the brake actuator 234. The local controller 278 (or even the surface controller 222) can also determine the strength of force to be applied via stepper motor 272 to position the hole closure assembly 46, the rate of that placement, and also can vary parameters and related aspects of the valve 10.
    [0051] Control circuit 226 and other components of detection set 206 and local controller 278 can be integrated into an IC chip (integrated circuit), an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), or can be implemented in a set of circuits analog. Alternatively, or in addition, these components can be implemented in firmware or software running on a processor and stored in memory. The 226 control circuit can host software applications designed to control the operation and monitoring of the valve or its components or the environment.
    [0052] Still with reference to Figure 6, the surface controller 222 typically hosts a software application 224, which is configured to assist in the control of valve 10. However, the surface controller 222 could be implemented in firmware or together of analog or digital circuits as indicated above with reference to control circuit 226. In addition, the surface controller 222 performs several functions to control the
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 39/62
    26/35 valve 10. For example, it receives input from various users and software applications, circuits and sensors associated with the production facility 18. From that information, and from telemetry signals 244 from the local controller 278, surface controller 222 applies / removes surface energy 238 from valve 10, applies / removes host signal 238 from it, and can generate commands to position the hole closure assembly 46 and to operate the electromagnetic clutch 214 and brake 202. In operation, valves of various modalities as illustrated by Figures 1-6 can be monitored and controlled as illustrated by the flowchart in Figure 7.
    [0053] Figure 7 is a flow chart illustrating a method of controlling a valve 10 for use in a well. The method 300 of the present embodiment includes propelling the hole closure assembly 46 of the valve 10 towards a position such as the closed position. See reference 302. At the same time, the current operating conditions of valve 10, production column 24, and / or production installation 18 are detected during method 300. For example, downhole pressure, rate downhole flow rate, the load or force being applied to the mechanical joint 50, the position of the hole closure assembly 46, the current being sent to the stepper motor 272, the energy being sent to the stepper motor 272, the resistance to operation of stepper motor 72, etc., can be detected by the control system 200. In addition, or alternatively, inputs from a user and / or production facility 18 can be received and considered during the method 300. See reference 304.
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 40/62
    27/35 [0054] As an additional modality, in a demand control system method, the demand system includes sensors that detect the input voltage in the downhole control system; and the subsea control system modulates the line voltage to ensure that the downhole control system has the appropriate voltage.
    [0055] Method 300 also includes determining, in response to the detected operating condition (s), whether there is a predetermined set of conditions. For example, it can be determined whether the current operating conditions at production facility 18 or at production column 24 indicate that it might be desirable to close valve 10. Alternatively, the current operating conditions could indicate that it would be desirable to vary the rate of flow of hydrocarbons through valve 10 or pressure on the upstream side of valve 10. See reference 306.
    [0056] If the current operating conditions indicate where changing the position of the hole-closing set 46 could be desirable, a set of parameters associated with driving the hole-closing set 46 to the new position can be determined. For example, since the stepper motor 272 allows the force it develops to be adjusted (and controlled), that force can be determined in reference 308. In addition, the stepping rate of stepper motor 272 can also be determined. As a result, valve 10 can be controlled according to the determined parameters. See reference 310. More particularly, it might be desired to drive the hole closure assembly 46 towards the new position in increments. Thus, a number of steps can be selected for the stepper motor 272
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 41/62
    28/35 execute to drive the hole closing assembly 46 incrementally towards the new position. See reference 312.
    [0057] In the alternative, or additionally, it could be desired to activate the hole closing assembly 46 at any desired speed. If this is the case, a stepping rate of the stepper motor 272 (corresponding to the desired speed) can be determined. In addition, the pitch rate and speed of hole closure set 46 can be varied during method 300. For example, in an initial portion of the motion of hole close 46, the pitch rate and speed can be relatively high so that valve 10 starts to close quickly. Thus, if it is desired to close the well, the flow of hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon gathering zone 34 (see Figure 1) can be slowed (and interrupted) with minimal delay. Then, the pitch rate and speed of the hole-closing assembly can be reduced in a subsequent portion of the movement. Although the pitch rate can be varied for a number of reasons, decreasing the pitch rate towards the end of a movement (particularly for an open or completely closed position) can avoid impacting the hinge seat 68 with the hinge 52 In this way, the hole closure assembly 46 can be closed in less than approximately 5 seconds (or some other time period). Thus, reference 314 illustrates that the pitch rate and speed of the hole closure assembly 46 can be varied.
    [0058] In reference 316, Figure 7 illustrates that the force applied to the mechanical joint 50 by the stepper motor 272
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 42/62
    29/35 can be varied. More particularly, since the force (i.e., torque) exerted by the stepper motor 272 can be adjusted by varying the current that drives the stepper motor 272 during its steps, that force can be controlled. Thus, during an initial portion of the movement of the ball closure assembly 46, the force applied to the mechanical hinge 46 can be adjusted to a level. Then, during a subsequent portion of that movement, the force can be adjusted to another level, whether higher or lower. Of course, the strength can be varied in other ways depending on the user's needs.
    [0059] In addition, or as an alternative, the current and / or energy applied to the stepper motor 272 can be varied to, for example, control the amount of heat generated in wire 282 and / or in other downhole locations. The current or energy applied to the stepper motor 272 can be varied for other reasons including managing the amount of downhole energy available for other purposes without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, the current / energy amplifier 230 can be a variable current / energy source, controlled by a time-varying signal from control circuit 226. See reference 318.
    [0060] At predetermined intervals, or from the detection of one or more sets of predetermined conditions, control circuit 226 can send a telemetry signal 244 to the surface controller 222. The telemetry signal (s) 244 can transmit information regarding the operating conditions detected by the pressure sensor 210, by the flow rate sensor 212, by the load sensing set 216, by the position sensor
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 43/62
    30/35
    218, etc. In addition, telemetry signal 244 may include other information such as, but not limited to, power and current being applied to stepper motor 272 as detected by current and voltage sensors 246 and 248, the state (engaged or disengaged) of the clutch 214, the state of the brake 202 (applied or released), if the holding signal 240 is being detected, and other operating parameters of the valve 10 (and, more particularly, the local controller 278). See reference 320.
    [0061] The surface controller 222 can receive telemetry signals 244 and determine whether any control actions could be desirable. In addition, the surface controller 222 can receive inputs from the user and from the production facility 18 and, according to the functions of the application 224 resident in the surface control 222, it can output a response to the telemetry signal 244. This response can take the form of one or more control signals 242, which are sent to local controller 278. In addition, the response can include sending information on the telemetry signal 244, or derived from it, to the production facility 18 for additional storage or processing. In some embodiments, if local controller 278 fails to receive control signals 242 within a predetermined time, local controller 278 may execute instructions to, or otherwise make, some predetermined adjustment of control actions. Thus, local controller 278 and surface controller 222 can communicate with each other or execute a communication establishment protocol. See reference 322. Continuing with reference to Figure 7, the
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 44/62
    31/35 method 300 of the current mode also includes controlling valve 10 according to control signal 242 or its absence. See reference 324.
    [0062] If desired, all or part of method 300 can be repeated as indicated in reference 326. Otherwise, method 300 can be terminated.
    [0063] More particularly, valves of some modalities include electronics in (or inside) the valves, either as their integral components or as components installed in the valves. These components include internal sensors, which control systems use to monitor and control the valves based (or not based) on the control components on the surface. In addition, control systems can use sensors external to the valve to do the same. In addition, in addition to the sensors to monitor the mechanical operation of the valves, the valves include sensors to monitor the electronic components of the control systems. In some embodiments, valves and / or their control systems include several sensors including, but not limited to: pressure sensors; flow rate sensors; temperature sensors; vibration sensors; electric current sensors; and voltage sensors in various combinations. As a result, the modalities provide improved control of the mechanical and electrical aspects of the valves. Improved diagnostic capabilities also flow from valves, control systems, and methods of various modalities.
    [0064] In one embodiment, the electric actuator of a valve is controlled with a stepper motor. A number of steps (or pulses of current and voltage levels,
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 45/62
    32/35 selected) for the stepper motor to execute is determined based on the parameters reflecting the operating conditions of the valve, the well, the associated production facility, etc. Alternatively, or in addition, the valve may include a DC (Direct Current) motor to which power is supplied at a selected current and voltage. For example, the valve can include a motor such as two types previously described here. Regardless of the type of motor included in the valve, the control system controls the motor to drive the valve with a stable output force based on the motor torque, gears, drive mechanisms (for example, a ball screw), etc. In some situations, the control system varies the output force based on measurements of valve performance (and also of the control system). For example, the current applied to the motor can be increased or decreased to vary the motor torque and, therefore, the power output by the driver. In some modalities, the resulting measurements and control actions occur continuously, intermittently or periodically. These measurements and control actions can take place at the pre-selected locations; or close to them; valve displacement (that is, the displacement of the mechanical joint or valve driver). In addition, or alternatively, the control system can allow a user to control the operation of the valve.
    [0065] Valves, including stepper motors, can be controlled using a stable or consistent sequence of steps (or electrical pulses). For example, steps can be increased or decreased in a stepped or stair pattern, or they can be gradually raised or reduced
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 46/62
    33/35 at selected rates. A benefit that arises from such operating scenarios includes running the engine with less energy when resistance to valve actuation is low and running the same with more energy when resistance is high.
    [0066] Modalities also make use of a feature of most stepper motors where stepper motors provide more torque at lower speeds than at higher speeds. The operation of the valves of these modalities can be optimized in relation to their activation times (either in the opening or closing directions, or both) by adjusting the engine speeds with staggered or gradual patterns. Thus, the speeds and torques of the stepper motors can be optimized to allow the motor outputs to be synchronized with the load on the motors developed as a result of the actuation of the valves. In some embodiments, these outlet forces are kept high at selected margins above the valve loads. In addition, control systems can vary these margins based on operating conditions or other inputs.
    [0067] Other characteristics of valves of various modalities refer to energy consumption. For example, with conventional valves, energy is supplied from the surface to the valves at constant levels. As a result, several downhole or downhole components must be over-sized to handle excess energy even during those times when the lower energy levels are consumed by the valves. As a comparison, the modalities control systems monitor
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 47/62
    34/35 the energy use of valves with downhole electronics, logic circuitry, etc., and adjust the energy supplied to the valves based on the current operating conditions (such as the energy being demanded by the valves). These control systems, therefore, supply varying amounts of energy to the downhole electronics associated with valves of these modalities. As a result, control systems provide only the energy required by the valves for their operation in this way, allowing wellhead or downhole components to be optimized to accurately control energy consumption and inherent heat generation.
    [0068] In addition, valves of different modalities include logic to perform the functions disclosed here and to provide telemetry signals carrying information related to the valves for the wellhead electronics associated with these valves. The wellhead electronics can respond to telemetry signals within a selected time frame (that is, the wellhead electronics can establish a connection or perform communication establishment procedures with the valves). When the valves fail to receive the response signal within an appropriate time, the valve's downhole electronics can accordingly execute a set of commands. For example, downhole electronics could close the valves or allow the valves to close when they are so provided (even in the absence of power). However, other commands, diagnostic activities, etc., could be performed by downhole electronics.
    [0069] Thus, the valves of the modalities can be
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 48/62
    35/35 optimized for the application for which they are used. In reality, the operation of these valves can be reconfigured in the field by changing the corresponding control schemes. In addition, valves of various modalities operate more efficiently with greater reliability, have longer durability, and are less expensive in operation than hitherto possible.
    [0070] Although the subject under study has been described in specific language for structural characteristics and / or methodological actions, it should be understood that the subject under study defined in the attached claims is not necessarily limited to the specific characteristics or actions described above. More specifically, the specific characteristics and actions described above are revealed as illustrative ways of implementing the claims.
    权利要求:
    Claims (5)
    [1]
    1. Subsurface control valve, controlled from the surface for use in a well, said valve (10) comprising:
    - a valve body (36) defining a hole (42) for the fluid to flow through it;
    - a movable bore closure assembly (46) between an open position in which the bore closure assembly (46) allows fluid to flow through the bore (42) and a closed position in which the bore closure assembly ( 46) prevents the flow of fluid through the hole (42);
    - a mechanical joint (50) operatively coupled to the bore closure assembly (46);
    - a drive assembly (44) operatively coupled to the mechanical link (50); and
    - a main control assembly configured to determine a force to apply to the mechanical link (50) by the drive assembly (44) and based on a present operating condition of the valve (10), the main control assembly being additionally configured for cause the drive assembly (44) to apply the determined force to the mechanical joint (50) thereby triggering the hole closing assembly (46), characterized by the fact that during an initial portion of the drive of the closing assembly of hole (46), the determined force is a first force and being that during a subsequent portion of the activation of the hole closing assembly (46), the determined force is a second force and the second force being different than the first force.
    [2]
    2. Valve according to claim 1, characterized
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 50/62
    2/5 because the current operating condition is a current hole close position between the open and closed positions.
    [3]
    3. Valve according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that the hole closure assembly (46) is movable to incremental positions between the open position and the closed position.
    [4]
    4. Valve according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that during the subsequent portion of the actuation of the hole closing assembly (46), the determined force is
    greater than the first force. 5. Valve, according to claim 1, characterized because it also includes a detection set (206) operatively connected to the set in control, the detection set (206) to detect The condition of present valve operation (10).6. Valve, according to claim 5, characterized
    in that the detection set (206) comprises a load sensing set (216) operatively connected to the drive set (44) to detect a load in the drive set (44).
    7. Valve, according to claim 6, characterized by the fact that the control set, in response to the detection set (216), varies the determined force applied to the mechanical joint (50).
    8. Valve, according to claim 7, characterized by the fact that the actuation set (44) is electrically actuated and the main control set varies the electrical energy for the actuation set (44).
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 51/62
    3/5
    9. Valve, according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that the actuation set (44) is electrically actuated and where the sensing set (206) is operatively connected to detect the electric current input to the actuation set ( 44).
    10. Valve, according to claim 9, characterized by the fact that the first control set, in response to the detection set (206), varies the electric current input to the drive set (44).
    11. Valve according to claim 5, characterized in that the drive assembly (44) includes a stepper motor (272).
    12. Valve according to claim 11, characterized by the fact that the stepper motor (272) is operable to operate at different step rates and the main control set controls the stepper rate of the stepper motor (272) ).
    13. Valve according to claim 10, characterized in that the detection set (206) comprises a resistance detection set operatively connected to the stepper motor (272) to detect the resistance to operation of the stepper motor (272 ).
    14. Valve, according to claim 13, characterized by the fact that the main control set controls the electric energy for the stepper motor (272) and the main control set varies the electric energy for the stepper motor (272) 272) in response to the detection set (206).
    15. Valve, according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that:
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 52/62
    4/5
    - the detection assembly (206) comprises a fluid flow rate sensor (212) operably connected to the main control assembly to detect a downhole fluid flow rate; or
    - the detection set (206) comprises several sensors (208, 212, 216, 218), each sensor operatively connected to the first control set, the main control set varying the force determined for the mechanical joint (50) in response to at least one of the sensors.
    16. Valve, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that it also comprises a surface control set to control the valve (10), the main control set communicating a first signal to the surface control set, the set of surface control providing a response signal in response to the signal from the main control set.
    17. Valve, according to claim 16, characterized by the fact that:
    - the main control set emits a second signal to the surface control set under a predetermined set of conditions, and where the surface control set emits control signals to control valve operation (10) in response to signals from the control set;
    - the main control set emits a second signal to the surface control set at predetermined time intervals and the surface control set emits control signals to control the operation of the valve (10) in response to signals from of the set
    Petition 870190072445, of 7/29/2019, p. 53/62
    [5]
    5/5 primary control.
    18. Method for controlling a subsurface control valve, controlled from the surface for use in a well, said method characterized by the fact that it comprises:
    - detect a current operating condition of the valve, the valve including:
    - a valve body (36) defining a hole (42) for the flow of fluid through it,
    - a movable bore closure assembly (46) between an open position in which the bore closure assembly (46) allows fluid to flow through the bore (42) and a closed position in which the bore closure assembly ( 46) prevents the flow of fluid through the hole (42),
    - a mechanical joint (50) operatively coupled to the bore closure assembly (46), and
    - a drive assembly (44) operatively coupled to the mechanical joint (50);
    - determine a force based on the detected operating condition; and
    - actuating the hole closing assembly (46) with the determined force, being that during an initial portion of the activation of the hole closing assembly (46), the determined force is a first force and, during a subsequent portion of the actuation of the hole closing assembly (46), the determined force is a second force and the second force is different than the first force.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    RU2540762C2|2015-02-10|
    US20110186303A1|2011-08-04|
    US8464799B2|2013-06-18|
    EP2529078A2|2012-12-05|
    BR112012018821A2|2016-04-12|
    WO2011094084A3|2011-09-29|
    WO2011094084A2|2011-08-04|
    EP2529078A4|2016-04-06|
    US9291033B2|2016-03-22|
    EP2529078B1|2017-09-13|
    RU2012135414A|2014-03-10|
    US20130248203A1|2013-09-26|
    BR112012018821A8|2018-06-26|
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    法律状态:
    2019-01-08| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|
    2019-05-28| B06T| Formal requirements before examination [chapter 6.20 patent gazette]|
    2019-11-12| B09A| Decision: intention to grant [chapter 9.1 patent gazette]|
    2020-01-21| B16A| Patent or certificate of addition of invention granted [chapter 16.1 patent gazette]|Free format text: PRAZO DE VALIDADE: 20 (VINTE) ANOS CONTADOS A PARTIR DE 17/01/2011, OBSERVADAS AS CONDICOES LEGAIS. |
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    US12/696,834|US8464799B2|2010-01-29|2010-01-29|Control system for a surface controlled subsurface safety valve|
    PCT/US2011/021479|WO2011094084A2|2010-01-29|2011-01-17|Control system for a surface controlled subsurface safety valve|
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